Vaccine Compositions for Inducing Immune Responses Against Components of Drusen

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are compositions and methods for treating or preventing the formation of drusen in a patient in need thereof. The compositions include an effective amount of at least one polypeptide present in drusen, or an immunogenic fragment or variant thereof that induces an immune response against the polypeptide, together with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, or diluent. The compositions are suitable as vaccines for treating or preventing drusen and diseases associated with drusen.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/037,091, filed on Mar. 17, 2008, theentire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING U.S. GOVERNMENT SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with U.S. government support under grant numberEY012017 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The U.S.government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

The field of the invention relates to methods for treating or preventingmacular degeneration. In particular, the invention relates tocompositions and methods that are useful for preventing the formation ofdrusen associated with macular degeneration, such as macular drusen. Thecompositions and methods also are useful for preventing an increase inthe size or amount of existing drusen, or for causing a decrease in thesize or amount of existing drusen. The compositions and methods also areuseful for preventing the appearance of new drusen.

Macular degeneration is a medical condition predominantly found inelderly adults in which the center of the retina of the eye, otherwiseknown as the “macula” area of the retina, exhibits thinning, atrophy,and sometimes new blood vessel formation. Macular degeneration canresult in the loss of central vision, including the ability to see finedetails, to read, or even to recognize faces. According to the AmericanAcademy of Opthalmology, macular degeneration is the leading cause ofcentral vision loss in the United States for those over the age of fiftyyears. Although macular degeneration sometimes may affect youngerindividuals, the term generally refers to “age-related” maculardegeneration (i.e., “AMD” or “ARMD”).

Early stages of AMD are characterized by development of yellow depositsin the macula called drusen. These deposits form in the macula betweenthe retinal pigment epithelium and the underlying choroid. At this earlystage (referred to as the maculopathy stage), most patients still havegood vision. However, patients with macular drusen can go on to developadvanced AMD. The risk for developing advanced AMD is considerablyhigher when the drusen are large and numerous or when the drusen areassociated with a disturbance in the pigmented cell layer under themacula.

Advanced AMD has two forms referred to as the “dry” and “wet” forms. Thedry form of advanced AMD is characterized by central geographic atrophy,which causes vision loss through the loss of photoreceptors in thecentral part of the eye (i.e., rods and cones). While no treatment isavailable for the dry form, the National Eye Institute has suggestedthat vitamin supplements with high doses of antioxidants may slow theprogression of dry macular degeneration and in some patients, improvevisual acuity.

The wet form of advanced AMD, otherwise referred to as “neovascular” or“exudative” AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growthin the choriocapillaries, through a retinal layer referred to as“Bruch's membrane.” The wet form of AMD ultimately leads to blood andprotein leakage below the macula. This bleeding, leaking, and scarringbelow the macula eventually cause irreversible damage to thephotoreceptors and rapid vision loss if left untreated. Until recently,no effective treatments were known for wet macular degeneration.However, new drugs that inhibit angiogenesis (i.e., “anti-angiogenicagents”) have been shown to cause regression of the abnormal bloodvessels and improvement of vision. In order to be effective,anti-angiogenic agents, such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor,must be injected directly into the vitreous humor of the eye.Furthermore, anti-angiogenic agents are expensive and must beadministered repeatedly several times a year.

Therefore, new compositions and methods for treating or preventingmacular degeneration are desirable.

SUMMARY

Disclosed are compositions and methods for treating or preventing theformation of drusen in a patient, which may include macular drusen. Thedisclosed compositions and methods also may be utilized for treating orpreventing diseases associated with drusen. The compositions may beimmunogenic and may be useful for preventing formation of drusen, forpreventing an increase in size of existing drusen or appearance of newdrusen, or for causing a decrease in size or amount of drusen in apatient, thereby treating or preventing diseases associated with maculardrusen such as macular degeneration.

The disclosed compositions may include pharmaceutical compositions thatare useful as vaccines for treating or preventing drusen formation in apatient. The compositions may include: (a) an effective amount of atleast one polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant of the polypeptide for inducing or eliciting an immune responseagainst the polypeptide; and (b) a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient, ordiluent. In some embodiments, the polypeptide may be selected from agroup consisting of: β_(S)-crystallin; α-B-crystallin; vimentin;calreticulin or calreticulin precursor; and cyclophilin A (i.e.,peptidylprolyl isomerase A). Optionally, the compositions may include apharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant (e.g., an immunological adjuvant).

After the composition is administered to the patient, the composition iseffective at inducing or eliciting an immune response, such as anantibody-mediated immune response or a cell-mediated immune responseagainst at least one component present in drusen (e.g., a polypeptide).In some embodiments, the composition may comprise an immunogen that is apolypeptide present in drusen or that induces or elicits an immuneresponse against a polypeptide that is present in drusen. After thecomposition is administered to a patient, the resulting immune responseis effective for treating drusen or preventing the formation of drusenin the patient. In some embodiments, the administered composition iseffective for inhibiting formation of drusen in the patient. In otherembodiments, the administered composition is effective for reducingexisting drusen in the patient or for slowing or preventing furtherenlargement of existing drusen in the patient. In further embodiments,the administered composition is effective for preventing formation ofdrusen in the patient. The administered composition further may treat orprevent macular degeneration in a patient having macular degeneration orat risk for developing macular degeneration.

In some embodiments, the composition may include an effective amount ofat least one polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant of the polypeptide that is effective for inducing or elicitingan immune response against the polypeptide. For example, the compositionmay include an effective amount of at least one polypeptide thatnormally is present intracellularly but is present extracellularly indrusen. Suitable polypeptides may include, but are not limited to apolypeptide selected from a group consisting of: β_(S)-crystallin;α-B-crystallin; vimentin; calreticulin precursor; cyclophilin A (i.e.,peptidylprolyl isomerase A); or an immunogenic fragment or variant ofthese polypeptides that is effective for inducing or eliciting an immuneresponse against these polypeptides. In further embodiments, thecomposition may include an additional polypeptide present in drusenother than β_(S)-crystallin; α-B-crystallin; vimentin; calreticulinprecursor; cyclophilin A (i.e., peptidylprolyl isomerase A); or animmunogenic fragment or variant of the additional polypeptide that iseffective for inducing or eliciting an immune response against thisadditional polypeptide. For example, the composition further may includeanother drusen protein as discussed herein or as known in the art.

The disclosed compositions may be immunogenic compositions and may beuseful as vaccines. In some embodiments, the compositions may beadministered to a patient, where after the composition is administeredto the patient, the patient produces antibodies against one or morecomponents of drusen. In further embodiments, after the composition isadministered to the patient, the patient exhibits a T-cell responseagainst one or more components of drusen. In even further embodiments,after the composition is administered to the patient, the patientproduces antibodies against one or more components of drusen andexhibits a T-cell response against one or more components of drusen.

The disclosed compositions may be effective for treating or preventingdrusen and diseases associated with drusen. In some embodiments, thecompositions may be effective for treating or preventing maculardegeneration (e.g., the dry form, wet form, or both forms of age-relatedmacular degeneration (AMD)).

Also disclosed are methods for treating or preventing the formation ofdrusen in a patient and diseases associated with the formation of drusenin a patient (e.g., macular degeneration, such as the dry or wet formsof age-related macular degeneration). The methods may includeadministering any of the compositions disclosed herein to a patient inneed thereof (e.g., a patient exhibiting drusen or at risk fordeveloping drusen and diseases associated with macular drusen such asmacular degeneration).

Also disclosed are kits. The disclosed kits may include components forpreparing the compositions described herein (e.g., lyophilizedpolypeptides and solvents for resuspending or dissolving the lyophilizedpolypeptides). The disclosed kits also may include components foradministering the compositions described herein to a patient in needthereof.

BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Illustrates the anti-β_(S)-crystallin antibody titers in controlmice (#'s 793, 794, 795, and 797) and mice immunized with s-crystallin(#'s 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, and 803).

FIG. 2. Western Blot analysis of drusen components in the RPE/choroidfrom control mice (lanes 1 and 2) and from mice immunized withβ_(S)-crystallin (lanes 3-6).

FIG. 3. Immunohistochemistry of enucleated eyes from control mice andmice immunized with β_(S)-crystallin.

FIG. 4. Illustrates the antibody titers in control mice (#'s 807, 811,and 817) and immunized mice (#'s 805, 806, 808, 809, 812, 815, 816, and818). A. Anti-β_(S)-crystallin antibody titers; B. Anti-αB crystallinantibody titers; C. Anti-cyclophilin A antibody titers; D. Anti-vimentinantibody titers; and E. Anti-calreticulin antibody titers.

FIG. 5. Western Blot analysis of drusen components in the RPE/choroidfrom control mice (lanes 1 and 2) and from mice immunized with mixtureof β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, cyclophilin A, vimentin, andcalreticulin (lanes 3-7).

FIG. 6. Immunohistochemistry of enucleated eyes from control mice andmice immunized with mixture of β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,cyclophilin A, vimentin, and calreticulin.

FIG. 7. Illustrates the anti-CD63 antibody titers in control mice (#'s1-10) and mice immunized with CD63 (#'s 30-33, 36, 38, and 41-44).

FIG. 8. Western Blot analysis of drusen components in the RPE/choroidfrom control mice (lanes 1-5) and from mice immunized with CD63 (lanes6-10).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject matter disclosed herein is described using severaldefinitions, as set forth below and throughout the application.

Unless otherwise noted, the terms used herein are to be understoodaccording to conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in therelevant art. In addition to the definitions of terms provided below, itis to be understood that as used in the specification, embodiments, andin the claims, “a”, “an”, and “the” can mean one or more, depending uponthe context in which it is used.

As used herein, “about,” “approximately,” “substantially,” and“significantly” will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in theart and will vary to some extent on the context in which they are used.If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinaryskill in the art given the context in which it is used, “about” or“approximately” will mean up to plus or minus 10% of the particular termand “substantially” and “significantly” will mean more than plus orminus 10% of the particular term.

As used herein, the terms “include” and “including” have the samemeaning as the terms “comprise” and “comprising.” For example, a“composition that includes a polypeptide” should be interpreted to mean“a composition that comprises a polypeptide.”

As used herein, a “patient” may be interchangeable with a “subject.” Apatient is an animal that may include a human or non-human animal inneed of treatment or vaccination.

A “patient in need thereof” may include a patient having a disease,disorder, or condition that is responsive to vaccination with one ormore immunogenic components of drusen (e.g., macular drusen). Forexample, a “patient in need thereof” may include a patient havingmacular drusen or diagnosed with macular degeneration. A “patient inneed thereof” may include a patient at risk for developing drusen, suchas macular drusen, or at risk for developing macular degeneration. Thephrase “treating or preventing macular degeneration” includes, but isnot limited to, treating or preventing AMD.

As used herein, the phrase “treating or preventing drusen in a patientin need thereof” includes, but is not limited to, preventing orinhibiting the formation of drusen, preventing or inhibiting an increasein the size of existing drusen or the appearance of new drusen, andcausing a decrease in the size or amount of drusen in the patient inneed thereof. The phrase “treating or preventing drusen in a patient inneed thereof” includes but is not limited to, treating or preventingmacular drusen in the patient in need thereof.

Drusen

As utilized herein “drusen” (singular, “druse”) refers to tiny yellow orwhite accumulations of acellular material that build up in the eye,particularly in or on Bruch's membrane. The molecular components ofdrusen include protein markers for autopliagy and exosomes. (See Wang etal., (2009) PLoS ONE 4(1): e4160, the content of which is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety). The presence of a relatively fewsmall hard drusen is normal with advancing age, and many middle-agedpeople (>40 years of age) have some hard drusen. However, the occurrenceof larger and more numerous drusen in the macula is a common early signof AMD. As such, the term “drusen” may include “macular drusen.”

Molecular components of drusen may include intracellular proteins, orvariants or fragments thereof, selected from a group consisting ofnuclear proteins, mitochondrial proteins, cytoplasmic proteins,cytoskeleton proteins, and combinations thereof. Nuclear proteins mayinclude, but are not limited to, histones (e.g., histone H1, histoneH2A, histone H2B, histone H2AC, histone H2AZ, histone H2A/O, histoneH2A2, histone H2BF, histone h2bc, histone H3, histone H4, andcombinations thereof). Mitochondrial or cytoplasmic proteins mayinclude, but are not limited to aldehyde dehydrogenase 3, aldehydedehydrogenase 5, ATP synthase α-chain of mitochondria, cell adhesionprotein SQM1, creatine kinase b, enolase 2, aldolase (e.g., aldolase A),malate dehydrogenase 1, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase (e.g.,pyruvate kinase of muscle or M1 isozyme), recoverin, lactatedehydro-enase A, protein kinase (cAMP-dependent, catalytic) inhibitor β,glucose phosphate isomerase, cyclophilin A (i.e., peptidylprolylisomerase A), phosphoglycerate kinase (e.g., GTP or phosphorgylceratekinase 1), calmodulin 2, G3PDH, dystrobrevin α,phosphoinositide-3-kinase, triosephosphate isomerase (e.g.,triosephosphate isomerase 1), 14-3-3 β, apolipoprotein A1, phospholipaseA2, myosin, crystallin proteins (e.g., crystallin, β_(S)-crystallin,α-B-crystallin, Oβ-A3-crystallin, β-A4-crystallin, β-B1-crystallin,β-B2-crystallin, and combinations thereof), polyubiquitin, ubiquitin,peroxiredoxin, VEGF, retinoic acid binding protein 3, calreticulin orcalreticulin precursor, exosome proteins (e.g., CD63, CD81, LAMP-2), andcombinations thereof. Cytoskeleton proteins may include, but are notlimited to, actin β, actinin α, vimentin, plectin 1, actin a2, tubulin(e.g., tubulin α1a, tubulin α3, and tubulin β), and combinationsthereof.

Molecular components of drusen also may include extracellular proteinssuch as extracellular matrix proteins, serum proteins, or a protein ofunknown origin referred to as “novel leucine-rich protein.”Extracellular matrix proteins may include, but are not limited to,clusterin, TIMP3, annexins (e.g., annexin I, annexin II, annexin V, andannexin VI), vitronectin, apolipoprotein E, clathrin, lactalbumin β,collagen type XII α1, annexin 5, HtrA serine peptidase 1, prostasinbinding, protease inhibitor 4, integrin β, fibronectin,glycosaminoglycans, and combinations thereof. Serum proteins mayinclude, but are not limited to, complement 3, complement 5, complement8, complement 9, CFH, Ig α2C, Ig gamma 2C, Ig lambda, albumin,hemoglobin (e.g., hemoglobin β), haptoglobin, haptoglobin-relatedprotein, amyloid P component of serum, transferrin, ceruloplasmin,α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor, α-1 antiproteinase, glycoproteinα1β, HLA-DR, MHC II, CD46, CCL2, F4/80, CD11B, ceruloplasmin,plasminogen, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions includean effective amount of at least one intracellular polypeptide present indrusen or an immunogenic fragment or variant of the polypeptide that iseffective for inducing or eliciting an immune response against thepolypeptide. In some embodiments, the polypeptide may be selected from agroup consisting of: β_(S)-crystallin; α-B-crystallin; vimentin;calreticulin precursor; cyclophilin A (i.e., peptidylprolyl isomeraseA); histone H2A type 1-E; histone cluster 1, H2ai; H2A histone family,member Z; histone cluster 1, H2bb; and combinations thereof, or animmunogenic fragment or variant of the polypeptide that is effective forinducing or eliciting an immune response against the polypeptide.

In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions include human drusenproteins. However, the disclosed compositions may include human ornon-human drusen proteins, provided that the drusen proteins in thecomposition are antigenic in a patient after administration and induceor elicit an immune response against the patient's native drusenprotein. For example, the disclosed compositions may include a non-humanprotein provided that the non-human protein is antigenic in a humanpatient and induces or elicits an immune response against the humanpatient's native drusen protein.

As used herein, “β_(S)-crystallin” includes the polypeptide referencedby GenBank Accession No. P22914 (version P22914.4, GI:4033688),alternatively referred to as “beta-crystallin S,” “Gamma-crystallin B,”and “Gamma-5-crystallin.”β_(S)-crystallin may include an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

As used herein, “α-B-crystallin” includes the polypeptide referenced byGenBank Accession No. P02511 (version P02511.2, GI: 117385),alternatively referred to as “Alpha-crystallin B chain,”“Alpha(B)-crystallin,” “Rosenthal fiber component,” “Heat shock proteinbeta-5,” and “Renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-27.” α-B-crystallin chainmay include an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

As used herein, “vimentin” includes the polypeptide referenced byGenBank Accession No. P08670 (version P08670.4, GI:55977767). Vimentinmay include an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3.

As used herein, calreticulin precursor includes the polypeptidereferenced by GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)004343 (versionNP_(—)004334.1, GI:4757900). Calreticulin precursor may include an aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.

As used herein, cyclophilin A alternatively referred to as“peptidylprolyl isomerase A” includes the polypeptide referenced byGenBank Accession No. NP_(—)066953 NP_(—)001008741 (versionNP_(—)066953.1, GI:10863927). Cyclophilin A may include an amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:5.

As used herein, “Histone H2A type 1-E” includes the polypeptidereferenced by GenBank Accession No. P28001 (version P28001.2,GI:121968), alternatively referred to as “H2A.2,” and “H2A/a.” HistoneH2A type 1-E may include an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

As used herein, “histone cluster 1, H2ai” includes the polypeptidereferenced by GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)003500 (versionNP_(—)003500.1, GI:450-4239). Histone cluster 1, H2ai may include anamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:7. As used herein, “H2A histone family,member Z” includes the polypeptide referenced by GenBank Accession No.NP_(—)002097 (version NP_(—)002097.1, GI:450-4255). H2A histone family,member Z may include an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.

As used herein, “Histone cluster 1, H2bb” includes the polypeptidereferenced by GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)066406 (versionNP_(—)066406.1, GI:10800140). Histone cluster 1, H2bb may include anamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.

As used herein, “CD63” includes the polypeptide referenced by GenBankAccession No. AAP36787 (version AAP36787.1, GI:30585029). CD63 mayinclude an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10.

Efficacy

As used herein, the phrase “effective amount” shall mean that dosagethat provides the specific pharmacological response for which thevaccine or pharmaceutical composition is administered in a significantnumber of subjects in need of treatment or vaccination. An effectiveamount of a vaccine or pharmaceutical composition that is administeredto a specific subject in a specific instance will not always beeffective in treating or preventing the conditions or diseases describedherein, even though such dosage is deemed to be a generally effectiveamount by those of skill in the art. Efficacy of treatment in a subjector patient having AMD may be determined by the guidelines, or amodification of the guidelines, in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study(AREDS) as provided at its website(https://web.emmes.com/study/areds/mop.htm) or by current clinicalinstruments and methods used by the care giver (e.g., retinalspecialist, ophthalmologist or physician) that are being used at thetime to assess changes in die retina caused by disease. Tests andmethods may include, but are not limited to, vision testing (e.g., viathe Snellen chart, where the patient exhibits at least a one, orpreferably two, line improvement), the Amsler grid test (e.g., where thepatient exhibits improvement in ability to see corners or sides of thegrid, where the patient observes fewer wavy lines in the grid, or wherethe patient observes fewer holes or missing lines in the grid),opthalmoscopy, fundus photography, and fluorescein angiography. Efficacyof treatment in a patient (e.g., a patient having AMD or at risk fordeveloping AMD) may be assessed by observing a decrease in size ofdrusen (e.g., a decrease in the mass of selected macular drusen of atleast about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%) or adecrease in number of total drusen (e.g., a decrease in number of totalmacular drusen of at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,or 100%). Efficacy of treatment in a patient (e.g., a patient having AMDor at risk for developing AMD) may be assessed by observing thenon-occurrence of drusen in the patient (e.g., the non-occurrence ofmacular drusen in the patient).

An “effective amount” of a polypeptide, a fragment thereof, or a variantthereof, is that amount which when administered to a patient induces orelicits an immune response against a corresponding drusen protein of thepatient. Immune responses may include antibody-mediated responses,cell-mediated responses, or both. In order to assess the efficacy of thevaccine or immunogenic composition, the immune response may be assessedby measuring antibody induction to particular epitopes of the drusenprotein or by measuring the induction of T-cell responses (e.g., CD8⁺responses) against the drusen protein. Antibody responses may bemeasured by assays known in the art such as Southern Blots and ELISA.T-cell responses may be measured, for example, by using tetramerstaining of fresh or cultured PBMC, ELISPOT assays, or by usingfunctional cytotoxic assays, which are well-known to those of skill inthe art. In order to assess the efficacy of the vaccine or immunogeniccomposition, the immune response also may be assessed by observing adecrease in size of drusen (e.g., a decrease in the mass of selectedmacular drusen of at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,or 100%) or a decrease in number of total drusen (e.g., a decrease innumber of total macular drusen of at least about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%). Efficacy of the vaccine or immunogeniccomposition (e.g., in a patient having AMD or at risk for developingAMD) also may be assessed by observing the non-occurrence of drusen inthe patient (e.g., the non-occurrence of macular drusen in the patient).

In some embodiments, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may beutilized to illicit an immune response de novo. In further embodiments,the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be utilized to“potentiate” or “enhance” an immune response. As used herein,“potentiating” or “enhancing” an immune response means increasing themagnitude or the breadth of the immune response. For example, the numberof cells that recognize a particular epitope may be increased(“magnitude”) or the numbers of epitopes that are recognized may beincreased (“breadth”) (e.g., 5-fold, or 10-fold relative to a referencecomposition).

Formulation and Delivery of the Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include at least oneimmunogenic component for inducing or eliciting an immune responseagainst a component of drusen. The disclosed compositions may beutilized as vaccines or immunogenic compositions for treating orpreventing drusen formation or macular degeneration. The terms “vaccine”and “immunogenic composition” are defined herein in a broad sense torefer to any type or biological agent in an administratable form capableof stimulating an immune response in an animal inoculated with thevaccine or immunogenic composition. An immune response may includeinduction of antibodies or induction of a T-cell response. Herein, theterm “protection” when used in reference to an immunogenic compositionor vaccine refers to the amelioration (either partial or complete) ofany of the signs or symptoms associated with the disease or condition inquestion.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include at least oneimmunogenic component for inducing or eliciting an immune responseagainst a component of drusen (e.g., a component of macular drusen).Immunogenic components may include polypeptides, carbohydrates, or lipidcomponents. In some embodiments, immunogenic components includepolypeptides, or variants or fragments thereof, which normally are foundintracellularly (e.g., intracellular nuclear, mitochondrial, structural,or cytoplasmic proteins) or which are not normally found extracellularly(e.g., proteins which are not found on the cell surface membrane, theextracellular matrix, or are not observed to circulate in blood).

As used herein, a “polypeptide,” “peptide,” or “protein” means a linearseries of amino acid residues, which may be naturally-occurring ormodified amino acid residues, connected one to the other by peptidebonds between the alpha-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent residues.“Polypeptides,” peptides,” or “proteins” may be modified (e.g., viaprocesses including glycosylation, myristoylation, conjugation, and thelike). A “peptide” has a relatively short amino acid sequence comparedto a “polypeptide” or a “protein.” The terms “polypeptide” and “protein”may be utilized interchangeably herein.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may include a polypeptidepresent in drusen or an immunogenic fragment or variant of thepolypeptide that is glycosylated or non-glycosylated and that induces orelicits an immune response against the polypeptide present in drusen.The polypeptide of the composition may be recombinant.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may include the full-lengthpolypeptide or an immunogenic fragment or variant thereof that inducesor elicits an immune response against the full-length polypeptide. Animmunogenic fragment may include a polypeptide having at least 10contiguous amino acids of the full-length polypeptide (or at least 15,20, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 contiguous amino acids of the full-lengthpolypeptide). For example, a contiguous ten amino acid fragment mayinclude an amino acid sequence 1-10 of any of SEQ ID NOS:1-10 (or anamino acid sequence 2-11 of any of SEQ ID NOS:1-10, or an amino acidsequence 3-12 of any of SEQ ID NOS:1-10, etc.). Optionally, a fragmentmay retain one or more biological activities of a reference polypeptide.Preferably, the fragment is immunogenic and induces or elicits an immuneresponse against at least one epitope of the full-length polypeptide.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may include an effectiveamount of at least one variant of a polypeptide present in drusen or animmunogenic fragment of the variant, where the variant or fragmentthereof induces or elicits an immune response against the polypeptidepresent in drusen. A variant may include a polypeptide havingsignificant sequence identity to a reference polypeptide. For example, avariant may include a polypeptide having at least about 95% amino acidsequence identity to a reference polypeptide (e.g., a polypeptide havingat least about 95% amino acid sequence identity to a polypeptide of anyof SEQ ID NOS:1-10), which sequence identity may be determined bymethods known in the art (e.g., using the BLAST algorithm softwareprovided at the website for the National Center for BiotechnologyInformation). A variant may have deletions, insertions, or amino acidsubstitutions relative to a reference polypeptide. Amino acidsubstitutions may include conservative amino acid substitutions (e.g.,D<->E, K<->R, S<->T, and the like) or non-conservative amino acidsubstitutions. A variant may include a fusion polypeptide, where thefusion polypeptide includes: (a) a portion derived from a polypeptidepresent in drusen or a fragment thereof (e.g., at least a ten (10)contiguous amino acid sequence of a polypeptide present in drusen),fused at the N-terminus, C-terminus, or both, to; (b) a heterologousportion (i.e., a portion not derived from a polypeptide present indrusen). A fusion polypeptide may include a polypeptide that isbiotinylated or fused to a hapten. Optionally, a variant may retain oneor more biological activities of a reference polypeptide or the variantinduces or elicits an immune response against at least one epitope ofthe reference polypeptide after the variant is administered to apatient.

The pharmaceutical compositions may include a polypeptide, or a variantor fragment thereof, that has been modified to enhance immunogenicity.For example, the polypeptide may be conjugated or fused to one or morehaptens.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions typically include apolypeptide, or a variant or fragment thereof, at a concentrationsufficient to induce or elicit an immune response (e.g., antibodyinduction, a T-cell response, or both) against the polypeptide. In someembodiments, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may include atleast about 10 μg of the polypeptide, or a variant or fragment thereof(or at least about 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 μg of the polypeptide, or avariant or fragment thereof). In other embodiments, the immunogeniccomposition or vaccine includes about 1-1000 μg (preferably about 10-100μg) of a polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be monovalent or polyvalent. Thepharmaceutical compositions may include an effective amount of at leastone polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment or variantof the polypeptide for inducing or eliciting an immune response againstthe polypeptide. Suitable polypeptides may include, but are not limitedto: β_(S)-crystallin; α-B-crystallin; vimentin; calreticulin precursor;cyclophilin A (i.e., peptidylprolyl isomerase A), or an immunogenicfragment or variant of the polypeptide. The pharmaceutical compositionfurther may include an additional polypeptide present in drusen otherthan β_(S)-crystallin; α-B-crystallin; vimentin; calreticulin precursor;and cyclophilin A (i.e. peptidylprolyl isomerase A); or an immunogenicfragment or variant of the additional polypeptide. For example, thecompositions may include another drusen protein on non-drusen protein asdisclosed herein or as known in the art.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may include a panel orplurality of immunogenic components for inducing or eliciting immuneresponses against drusen components. For example, the compositions mayinclude a panel or plurality of macular drusen polypeptides orimmunogenic fragments or variants thereof that induce or elicit animmune responses against the drusen polypeptides. As used herein, a“panel” or “plurality” of components means two or more separate anddifferent components (e.g., two or more separate and differentpolypeptides).

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be formulated asvaccines for administration to a subject in need thereof. Suchcompositions can be formulated or administered in dosages and bytechniques well known to those skilled in the medical arts taking intoconsideration such factors as the age, sex, weight, and condition of theparticular patient, and the route of administration.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for deliveryin any suitable manner. For example, the compositions may be formulatedfor at least one of intramuscular delivery, subdermal delivery,subcutaneous delivery, ocular delivery, oral delivery, intravenousdelivery, intraperitoneal delivery, intranasal delivery, or pulmonarydelivery.

The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be delivered via avariety of routes. Typical delivery routes include parenteraladministration (e.g., intradermal, intramuscular or subcutaneousdelivery). Other potential routes of delivery include ocularadministration, oral administration, intranasal administration,pulmonary administration, intravaginal administration, and intrarectaladministration. Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions mayinclude liquid formulations for parenteral, subcutaneous, intradermal,intramuscular, intravenous, or ocular administration (e.g., injectableadministration) such as sterile solutions, suspensions, or emulsions.Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions also may include liquidformulations (e.g., topical formulations or ingestible formulations) forocular, oral, nasal, anal, and vaginal administration, includingsolutions, suspensions, syrups or elixirs. The vaccines may belyophilized prior to delivery and reconstituted prior to administration.

It is generally advantageous to formulate the present compositions indosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.“Dosage unit form” as used herein refers to physically discrete unitssuitable as unitary dosages for a patient; each unit containing apredetermined quantity of the active material calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier, excipient, or diluent. The specification for thedosage unit forms are dictated by and depend on among other factors (a)the unique characteristics of the active material and the particulartherapeutic effect to be achieved; (b) the limitations inherent in theart of compounding such active material for the treatment of disease;and (c) the manner of intended administration of the dosage unit form.In some embodiments, a dose of the immunogenic composition or vaccineincludes at least about 10 μg (or at least about 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100μg) of a polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant thereof. In other embodiments, a dose of the immunogeniccomposition or vaccine includes about 1-1000 μg (preferably about 10-100μg) of a polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant thereof.

The present immunogenic composition and vaccines may be formulated witha pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. The formssuitable for injectable commonly include sterile aqueous solutions(where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for theextemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions ordispersion. The formulation should desirably be sterile and fluid to theextent that it can be delivered easily with a syringe. The dosage formshould be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage andtypically is preserved against the contaminating action ofmicroorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier, excipient, ordiluent can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquidpolyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof andvegetable oils. One possible carrier, excipient, or diluent is aphysiological salt solution. The proper fluidity of the solution can bemaintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, bythe maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersionand by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action ofmicroorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial andantifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbicacid, thimerosal (sodium ethylinercuri-thiosalicylate), deomycin,gentamicin and the like. In many cases it may be preferable to includeisotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolongedabsorption of the injectable compositions, if desired, can be broughtabout by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, forexample, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile solutions may be prepared by incorporating a desired amount ofthe polypeptide in an appropriate solvent, optionally with variousamounts of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followedby filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions can be prepared byincorporating the various active ingredients into a sterile vehiclewhich contains the basic dispersion medium and the required otheringredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powdersfor the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferredmethods of preparation are vacuum-drying and the freeze-drying techniquewhich yield a powder of the active ingredient (i.e., lyophilized form ofthe active ingredient) plus any additional desired ingredient from apreviously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

It may also be advantageous to add a stabilizer to the presentcompositions. Suitable stabilizers include, for example, glycerol/EDTA,carbohydrates (such as sorbitol, mannitol, trehalose, starch, sucrose,dextran or glucose), proteins (such as albumin or casein) and proteindegradation products (e.g., partially hydrolyzed gelatin). If desired,the formulation may be buffered by methods known in the art, usingreagents such as alkali metal phosphates, e.g., sodium hydrogenphosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate orpotassium dihydrogen phosphate. Other solvents, such as ethanol orpropylene glycol, can be used to increase solubility of ingredients inthe vaccine formulation or the stability of the solution. Furtheradditives which can be used in the present formulation includeconventional antioxidants and conventional chelating agents, such asethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).

The pharmaceutical compositions may be administered prophylactically ortherapeutically. For example, in prophylactic administration thevaccines may be administered in an amount sufficient to induce CD8⁺,CD4⁺, or antibody responses for preventing drusen formation or maculardegeneration. In another example, in therapeutic applications thevaccines may be administered to a patient in an amount sufficient toinduce or elicit a therapeutic effect (e.g., CD8⁺, CD4⁺, or antibodyresponses to the drusen immunogenic components, which reduces drusenformation or macular degeneration or at least partially arrests or slowsdrusen formation or macular degeneration (i.e., as a “therapeuticallyeffective dose”)).

The compositions included in the vaccine regimen of the invention can beco-administered or sequentially administered with other immunological,immunogenic or vaccine or therapeutic compositions. The compositions maybe co-administered or sequentially administered with an adjuvant orother therapeutic or prophylactic agent. For example, the disclosedcompositions may be administered together with additional agents fortreating or preventing drusen in a patient in need thereof. Furthermore,the disclosed compositions may be administered together with additionalagents for treating or preventing AMD in a patient in need thereof.Additional agents for treating or preventing AMD may include, but arenot limited to, anti-angiogenic agents such as pegaptanib (e.g.,pegaptanib sodium injection sold under the tradename Macugen®),bevacizumab (e.g., sold under the tradename Avastin®), and ranibizumab(e.g., sold under the tradename Lucentis®).

Adjuvants

The term “adjuvant” refers to a compound or mixture that is present in avaccine and enhances the immune response to an antigen present in thevaccine. For example, an adjuvant may enhance the immune response to apolypeptide present in a vaccine as contemplated herein, or to animmunogenic fragment or variant thereof as contemplated herein. Anadjuvant can serve as a tissue depot that slowly releases the antigenand also as a lymphoid system activator that non-specifically enhancesthe immune response. Examples of adjuvants which may be employed includeMPL-TDM adjuvant (monophosphoryl Lipid A/synthetic trehalosedicorynomycolate, e.g., available from GSK Biologics). Another suitableadjuvant is the immunostimulatory adjuvant AS021/AS02 (GSK). Theseimmunostimulatory adjuvants are formulated to give a strong T cellresponse and include QS-21, a saponin from Quillay saponaria, the TL4ligand, a monophosphoryl lipid A, together in a lipid or liposomalcarrier. Other adjuvants include, but are not limited to, nonionic blockco-polymer adjuvants (e.g., CRL1005), aluminum phosphates (e.g., AlPO₄),R-848 (a Th1-like adjuvant), imiquimod, PAM3CYS, poly (I:C), loxoribine,potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin)and Corynebacterium parvum, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), choleratoxin derived antigens (e.g., CTA 1-DD), lipopolysaccharide adjuvants,complete Freund's adjuvant, incomplete Freund's adjuvant, saponin,mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances suchas lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil orhydrocarbon emulsions in water (e.g., MF59 available from NovartisVaccines or Montanide ISA 720), keyhole limpet hemocyanins, anddinitrophenol.

Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimen

The disclosed composition may be administered as vaccines utilizing aselected “prime-boost vaccination regimen.” As used herein, a“prime-boost vaccination regimen” refers to a regimen in which a subjectis administered a first composition one or more times (e.g., one time ortwo or three times with about 2, 3, or 4 weeks between administrations)and then after a determined period of time after having administered thefirst composition (e.g., about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 2 months,about 3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, orlonger), the subject is administered a second composition. The secondcomposition may also be administered more than once, with at least 2, 3,or 4 weeks between administrations. The first and second compositionsmay be the same or different.

Methods and Kits

The disclosed compositions may be utilized in methods for immunizing apatient against one or more components of drusen. The methods disclosedherein may include administering the disclosed compositions to an animal(e.g., a human). The methods may be effective for treating or preventingdrusen (e.g., macular drusen) in a patient in need thereof. Thedisclosed compositions may also be utilized in methods for inhibitingaccumulation of drusen proteins extracellularly in the region of theretinal pigment epithelium and choroid of a patient in need thereof. Themethods disclosed herein may be effective for treating or preventingmacular degeneration (e.g., AMD) in a patient in need thereof.

Kits are also contemplated herein including kits for administering thedisclosed compositions and kits for making the disclosed compositions.The kits may include one or more components for performing theadministration methods disclosed herein. For example, the kits mayinclude one or more of the vaccine or pharmaceutical compositionsdisclosed herein or components for making or administering the vaccineor pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein. The vaccine orpharmaceutical compositions or components may be provided in anysuitable form (e.g., liquid form or lyophilized form). Kits further mayinclude solvents for resuspending or dissolving a lyophilized protein.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are illustrative and are not intended to limitthe scope of the claimed subject matter.

Introduction and Strategy

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a progressive degeneration ofthe macula of the retina, usually bilateral, leading to a severedecrease in fine vision and a central scotoma in the elderly. AMD isbroadly classified as either dry (non-neovascular) or wet (neovascular).The dry form of AMD, which is characterized by drusen in the macula, ismore common and accounts for about 85 to 90% of patients with AMD.Patients with dry AMD have a substantial risk of developing wet AMD.

The formation of drusen, an extracellular, amorphous deposit of materialon Bruch's membrane in the macula of the retina, occurs early in thecourse of the pathogenesis of AMD. Drusen is an extracellular depositassociated with Bruch's membrane and the deposition of drusen in themacula is a key factor in the etiology of AMD. The composition of drusenhas been studied by proteomics, histology and immunohistochemistry.Apparently, drusen contains a wide variety of molecules, includingproteins that have been contributed from the retinal pigment epithelium(RPE), choroidal vasculature endothelia and the blood. Proteins that arepresent in drusen normally are present in the nucleus, mitochondria,cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix and serum.

Mouse models were used to test whether immunization against specificcomponents of drusen can stimulate an immune response that prevents theaccumulation of or reduces the amount of proteins, and perhaps othermolecules, that are found in drusen-like material around Bruch'smembrane. Intracellular nuclear, mitochondrial or cytoplasmic proteinswere selected as candidates for inducing drusen-specific immuneresponses in the mouse models based on the hypothesis that immunizationwith these proteins may be less likely to cause damage to other tissuesbecause the intracellular proteins are accessible to immune cellactivity only when exposed in a pathological, extracellular states, suchas in drusen. Furthermore, when the intracellular proteins found indrusen are excreted from the cell, these proteins may be the “nucleatingfactors” which cause the formation of drusen that then “attracts”otherwise commonly present extracellular proteins and blood proteins.Extracellular proteins and blood proteins may not form drusen unlessintracellular proteins are present extracellularly.

Thus, by removing these proteins via an immune response, these proteinsand other proteins associated with these removed proteins may bedecreased in the environment around Bruch's membrane. The formation ofdrusen therefore may be inhibited or prevented. This immunotherapyapproach may lead to a novel therapeutic treatment for AMD by modulatingthe formation of drusen.

Methods

Group 1: Immunization of AMD Model Mice-APOE (Males)

Transgenic APOE4 male mice (001549-M-M, homozygous,B6.129P2-Apoe^(tm3(APOE4)Mae) N8, purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc.)were put on a high fat cholesterol-rich diet (HFD) starting at 18 mos ofage. These animals are considered a model for the changes that can occurin human AMD (Malek G. et al., “Apolipoprotein E allele-dependentpathogenesis: a model for age-related macular degeneration.” Proc NatlAcad Sci USA. 2005; 102:11900-11905, which is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety). The animals were kept on the HFD diet for 3mos. 10 mice were randomized to two arms: Arm #1(4 mice). 50 μg CompleteFreund's Adjuvant (CFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.) was used for initialinjections and 50 μg Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) (Sigma-Aldrich,Inc.) for subsequent boosters. Arm #2 (6 mice). 101 g bovineβ_(S)-crystallin (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.) containing 50 μg CFA was used forinitial injections and 10 μg bovine β_(S)-crystallin containing 50 μgIFA for subsequent boosters. Bovine β_(S)-crystallin and murineβ_(S)-crystallin exhibit 96% sequence identity (comparing GenBankAccession No. AAA30401.1 to NCBI Reference Sequence No. NP_(—)034095.1via the blastp algorithm available from the National Center forBiotechnology Information at its website).

The time table for Arms #1 and 2 was as follows:

-   -   Day 1: Initial immunization    -   Day 22: Booster 1    -   Day 33: Start HFD and continue to the day of sacrifice    -   Day 43: Booster 2    -   Day 50: Bleed 1 to check antibody titer    -   Day 64: Booster 3    -   Day 85: Booster 4    -   Day 92: Bleed 2 to check antibody titer    -   Day 106: Booster 5    -   Day 125: Bleed 3 to check antibody titer    -   Day 127: Sacrificed animals for Western blots (WB) and        Immunohistochemistry (IHC).

Group 2: Immunization of AMD Model Mice-APOE (Females)

Transgenic APOE4 female mice (001549-M-F, homozygous,B6.129P2-Apoe^(tm3(APOE4)Mae) N8, purchased from Taconic Farms, Inc.)were put on a high fat cholesterol-rich diet starting at 18 mos of age.The animals were kept on the HFD diet for 3 mos. 11 mice were randomizedto two arms: Arm #1 (3 mice): 50 μg CFA was used for initial injectionsand 50 μg IFA for subsequent boosters; Arm #2 (8 mice): 50 μg CFA and amixture of antigens were used for initial injections and 50 μg IFA and amixture of antigens for subsequent boosters. The mixture of antigenscontained 10 μg bovine β_(S)-crystallin (Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.), 50 μgmurine αB crystallin (Bio-Synthesis, Inc.), 50 μg murine calreticulin(Bio-Synthesis, Inc.), 50 μg murine vimentin (Bio-Synthesis, Inc.) and50 μg murine cyclophilin A (Bio-Synthesis, Inc.).

The time table for Arms #1 and 2 was as follows:

-   -   Day 1: Initial immunization    -   Day 22: Booster 1    -   Day 29: Start HFD and continue to the day of sacrifice    -   Day 43: Booster 2    -   Day 50: Bleed 1 to check antibody titer    -   Day 64: Booster 3    -   Day 85: Booster 4    -   Day 92: Bleed 2 to check antibody titer    -   Day 106: Booster 5    -   Day 109: Bleed 3 to check antibody titer    -   Day 110: Sacrificed animals for WB and IHC.

Group 3: Immunization of Old Mice with CD63

Animal models for AMD utilizing old mice have been described. (See Wanget al., (2009) PLoS ONE 4(1): e4160, the content of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety). C57BL/6 male mice(Harlan Laboratories, Inc.) were used for immunization proceduresstarting at 18 mos of age. Twenty mice were randomized equally to twoarms: Arm #1 (10 mice). Fifty μg CFA was used for initial injections and50 μg IFA for subsequent boosters; Arm #2 (10 mice). Fifty μg CFA andmurine CD63 (Bio-Synthesis, Inc.) were used for initial injections and50 μg IFA and CD63 for subsequent boosts.

The time table for Arms #1 and 2 was as follows:

-   -   Day 1: Initial immunization    -   Day 22: Booster 1    -   Day 43: Booster 2    -   Day 50: Bleed 1 to check antibody titer    -   Day 64: Booster 3    -   Day 85: Booster 4    -   Day 92: Bleed 2 to check antibody titer    -   Day 106: Booster 5    -   Day 127: Booster 6    -   Day 134: Bleed 3 to check antibody titer    -   Day 147: Sacrificed animals for WB.

Serum Antibody Levels

The collected sera from the tail vein of each mouse was immediatelyfrozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed by direct ELISA for antibodytiter. Ninety-six well plates (Costar® EIA/RIA, VWR International, LLC)were coated with 50 μl of target protein (4 mg/ml in 50 mM carbonatebuffer, pH 10.4) and incubated overnight at 4° C. Blocking was done with100 μl of 1% normal rabbit serum in carbonate buffer overnight at 4° C.followed by three washings with PBS/0.01% Tween-20. The serum testsamples were serially diluted and 100 μL added to each well. The plateswere sealed and incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. After threewashes with PBS/Tween (100 μl/well), the detection antibody (Goatanti-mouse, all IgG, IgM) HRP conjugate at 1:5000, 50 μl/well) wasadded, and the plates were incubated 1 hr at room temperature in ahumidified box. After three washes with PBS/Tween, followed by additionof 50 μl of developing reagent to each well, plates were incubated inthe dark for 30 min. The reaction was stopped with 1 N H₂SO₄. Plateswere read at OD 450 nm in a plate reader. Data was imported into Excelfor analyses of the antigens with an appropriate immunological response

Western Blot (WB)

RPE/Choroid was dissected, lysed in buffer (20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 10 mMKCl, 2 mM MgC₂, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM Na₃VO₄, 1 mM PMSF, and 0.15 U/mlaprotinin) and homogenized. Protein concentrations were determined usingthe Bradford colorimetric assay. Thirty micrograms of each proteinlysate were loaded in each lane in sample buffer (2% SDS, 10% glycerol,0.001% bromophenol blue, 1% DTT, and 0.05 M Tris-HCl, pH 6.8), separatedon 10% SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen Corporation), and transferred to a PVDFmembrane (Millipore Corporation). The blots were blocked with 5% nonfatmilk in PBS for 1 hr and incubated with mouse anti-β_(S)-crystallin(1:1000), mouse anti-αB crystallin (1:200, Stressgen BioreagentsCorporation), rabbit anti-fibronectin (1:200, Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.), rabbit anti-moesin (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.),rabbit anti-polyubiquitin (1:1000, Abcam Plc.), mouse anti-CD63, rabbitanti-annexin V, followed by peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-mouse orrabbit IgG (1:15,000) for 1 hr at room temperature. Finally, the blotswere developed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Pierce Chem. Co.) onHyperfilm® brand film (Amersham Corporation).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Enucleated eyes from mice were fixed in 2% wt/vol paraformaldehyde in0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) at 4° C. overnight.Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin sagittal sections of theretinas for the primary antibodies overnight at 4° C. Primary antibodiesincluded anti-β_(S)-crystallin (1:50), anti-αB crystallin (1:50,Stressgen Bioreagents Corporation), anti-fibronectin (1:50, Santa CruzBiotechnology, Inc.), anti-moesin (1:50, Cell Signaling Technology,Inc.), anti-polyubiquitin (1:500, Abcam Plc.). Primary antibody wasomitted in the negative control. After several washes, tissue sectionswere incubated with the secondary antibody, anti-mouse rhodamine red(1:1000, Molecular Probe® Dyes, Invitrogen Corporation) for 1 hr at roomtemperature. After washing with PBS, the slides were mounted withVectorshield containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (VectorLaboratories Co.) and observed using confocal microscopy.

Results

Group 1: anti-β_(S)-crystallin Antibody Titers ELISA:

Mice were immunized with CFA alone (controls, Arm #1) orβ_(S)-crystallin in CFA (Arm #2) day 0. Booster compositions includeds-crystallin in IFA (Arm #2) or IFA alone (Arm #1) and were administeredapproximately every three weeks for a total of 6 injections/mouse. Thefinal immunizations were given 21 d before the mice were sacrificed.β_(S)-crystallin-specific antibody titer was determined on the collectedsera for mice in Arms #1 and #2. (see FIG. 1).

Titers of antibody to β_(S)-crystallin in Arm #2 (i.e., in miceimmunized with β_(S)-crystallin) were more than ten times higher thantiters in naive mice or control mice immunized with CFA/IFA. FIG. 1shows that administering β_(S)-crystallin induces an antibody-mediatedimmune response. There were no immune responses to β_(S)-crystallinobserved in mice #793, #794, #795, and #797. In contrast, there werestrong immune responses to β_(S)-crystallin observed in mice #798, #799,#800, #801, #802, and #803.

Group 1: Western Blot

Protein levels of drusen components in the RPE/choroid from mice fromArms #1 and #2 were determined using specific antibodies againstβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion. Asshown in FIG. 2, the western blots for two control animals from Arm #1(lanes 1 and 2) were positive for β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesin. However, most mice immunized againstβ_(S)-crystallin (lanes 3, 4, 5 and 6) had significantly lessβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion. Thewestern blots show that for mice in Arm #2, 4/4 mice had decreasedβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin and fibronectin, and 3/4 mice haddecreased ubiquitin and moesion. Actin is an intracellular protein usedas an internal standard to show that the loading of the gels for WB wasuniform.

Group 1: Immunohistochemistry

To observe the immunization effects, the tissue locations of certainproteins were visualized by immunohistochemistry with specificantibodies to β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitinand moesion. As shown in FIG. 3, there were markedly less depositions ofdrusen components in the region of Bruch's membrane in the group withhigh antibody titers to β_(S)-crystallin (HFD+Immun), Arm #2) comparedwith the control group (HFD, Arm #1). Overall, 2/2 mice (4 eyes) haddecreased β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin and fibronectin, and 1/2 mice(2 eyes) had decreased ubiquitin and moesion in the region of Bruch'smembrane.

Group 1: Conclusions

Transgenic APOE4 mice on HFD accumulate β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion in the region of Bruch's membrane asthey age, as seen in the immunization control animals. The accumulationof these proteins in mice can be considered similar to the formation ofdrusen in the human eye. Immunization against β_(S)-crystallin led tohigh circulating antibodies to β_(S)-crystallin in transgenic APOE4 miceon HFD. Transgenic APOE4 mice with high circulating antibodies toβ_(S)-crystallin had less accumulation of β_(S)-crystallin, αBcrystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion in the region of Bruch'smembrane as they aged. Decreased accumulation of these proteins wasdemonstrated by both Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Thesefindings suggest that the β_(S)-crystallin-antibody reaction led to lessdeposition of β_(S)-crystallin in the region of Bruch's membrane as wellas less deposition of other intracellular proteins, αB crystallin,fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion, in the region of Bruch's membrane.In addition, there were likely other untested proteins that also exhibitdecreased deposition in the region of Bruch's membrane.

β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystalline fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion areall components of human drusen. Therefore, these results suggest thatimmunization against certain intracellular proteins of drusen, forexample β_(S)-crystallin, reduces the deposition of other drusenproteins on Bruch's membrane. Furthermore, these results suggest thatimmunization against certain intracellular proteins, for exampleβ_(S)-crystallin, may prevent or decrease the accumulation of drusen inhuman subjects.

Group 2: Antibody Titers, ELISA:

Mice were immunized with CFA alone (controls, Arm 41) orβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, calreticulin, vimentin and cyclophilinA in CFA (Arm #2) day 0. Booster compositions included β_(S)-crystallin,αB crystallin, calreticulin, vimentin and cyclophilin A in IFA (Arm #2)or IFA alone (Arm #1) and were administered approximately every threeweeks for a total of 6 injections/mouse. The final immunizations weregiven 4 d before the mice were sacrificed. β_(S)-crystallin, αBcrystallin, calreticulin, vimentin and cyclophilin A-specific antibodytiters were determined on the collected sera for mice in Arms #1 and #2.(See FIG. 4.)

Titers of antibody to β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, calreticulin,vimentin and cyclophilin A in Arm #2 were more than five times higherthan titers in naïve mice or control mice immunized with CFA/IFA. FIG. 4shows that administering β_(S)-crystallin induces a relatively strongantibody-mediated immune response; whereas, administering αB crystallin,calreticulin and vimentin induces a lesser antibody-mediated immuneresponse. There were no immune responses to β_(S)-crystallin, αBcrystallin, calreticulin, vimentin and cyclophilin A observed in mice#807, #811, and #817. In contrast, strong immune responses tos-crystallin were observed for mice #805, #806, #808, #809, #812, #815,#816, and #818. (See FIG. 4A.) Lesser immune responses to αB crystallinewere observed for mice #809, #812, and #815. (See FIG. 4B.) Lesserimmune responses to vimentin also were observed for mice #816 and #818.(See FIG. 4D.) Moderate immune responses to calreticulin were observedfor mice #805, #806, #815 and # 818. (See FIG. 4E.) No immune responseto cyclophyllin A was observed. (See FIG. 4C.)

Group 2: Western Blot

Protein levels of drusen components in the RPE/choroid from mice fromArms #1 and #2 were determined using specific antibodies againstβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion. Asshown in FIG. 5, the western blots for two control animals from Arm #1(lanes 1 and 2) were positive for β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,fibronectin, polyubiquitin and moesion. However, most mice immunizedagainst β_(S)-crystallin (lanes 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) had significantly lessβ_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, polyubiquitin and moesion.The western blots show that for mice in Arm #2, 5/5 mice had decreasedβ_(S)-crystallin and αB crystallin, 4/5 mice had decreased fibronectin,and 3/5 mice had decreased moesion and polyubiquitin. Actin is anintracellular protein that was used as an internal standard to show thatthe loading of the gels for WB was uniform.

Group 2: Immunohistochemistry

To observe the immunization effects, the tissue locations of certainproteins were visualized by immunohistochemistry with specificantibodies to β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitinand moesion. As shown in FIG. 6, there were markedly less depositions ofdrusen components in the region of Bruch's membrane in the group withhigh antibody titers to β_(S)-crystallin (HFD+Immun), Arm #2) comparedwith the control group (HFD, Arm #1). Overall, 3/3 mice (6 eyes) haddecreased β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin and fibronectin, and 213 mice(4 eyes) had decreased moesion and polyubiquitin in the region ofBruch's membrane.

Group 2: Conclusions

The results from Group 2, using slightly different methods from Group 1,reproduce the results from Group 1. The immunized mice in Group 2 wereimmunized with a mixture of antigens, including β_(S)-crystallin, αBcrystallin, calreticulin, vimentin and cyclophilin A. Immunizationagainst this mixture led to high circulating antibodies againstβ_(S)-crystallin in transgenic APOE4 mice. The other antigens were notas effective at inducing antibodies. However, it is possible that theseantigens alone or in some combination with other antigens could producehigh circulating antibodies and have effects similar to immunizationwith β_(S)-crystallin. It is also possible that even lesser levels ofcirculating antibodies against αB crystalline calreticulin and vimentinaided in the reduction of deposition of β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion in the region of Bruch's membrane inour experiments.

Transgenic APOE4 mice with high circulating antibodies toβ_(S)-crystallin had less accumulation of β_(S)-crystallin, αBcrystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion in the region of Bruch'smembrane as they aged. Decreased accumulation of these proteins wasdemonstrated by both Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Thesefindings may indicate that the β_(S)-crystallin-antibody reaction led toless deposition of β_(S)-crystallin in the region of Bruch's membrane aswell as less deposition of other intracellular proteins, including αBcrystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion, in the region of Bruch'smembrane. In addition, there were likely other untested proteins thatalso exhibit decreased deposition.

β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, fibronectin, ubiquitin and moesion areall components of human drusen. Therefore, these results suggest thatimmunization against certain intracellular proteins of drusen, forexample β_(S)-crystallin, reduces the deposition of other drusenproteins on Bruch's membrane. Furthermore, these results suggest thatimmunization against certain intracellular proteins, for exampleβ_(S)-crystallin, will prevent or decrease the accumulation of drusen inhuman subjects.

Group 3: CD63 Titers, ELISA:

Mice were immunized with CFA alone (controls, Arm # 1) or CD63 in CFA(Arm #2) day 0. Booster compositions included CD63 in IFA (Arm #2) orIFA alone (Arm # 1) and were administered approximately every threeweeks for a total of 6 injections/mouse. The final immunizations weregiven 20 d before the mice were sacrificed. CD63-specific antibodytiters were determined on the collected sera for mice in Arms #1 and #2.(See FIG. 7.)

Titers of antibody to CD63 in Arm #2 were more than ten times higherthan titers in naive mice or control mice immunized with CFA/IFA. FIG. 7shows that CD63 induces an antibody-mediated immune response. There wereno immune responses to CD63 observed in mice #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7,#8, #9, and #10. In contrast, strong immune responses to CD63 wereobserved in mice #30, #31, #32, #33, #36, #38, #41, #42, #43, and #44.

Group 3: Western Blot

Protein levels of drusen components in the RPE/choroid from mice fromArms #1 and #2 were determined using specific antibodies against CD63,β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin, ubiquitin, moesin and annexin V.Immunization against CD63 did not change the accumulation of CD63 in theRPE/choroid. (See FIG. 8.) Furthermore, immunization against CD63 didnot change the accumulation of β_(S)-crystallin, αB crystallin,ubiquitin or moesin in the RPE/choroid in any interpretable manner (datanot shown). However, immunization against CD63 did alter theaccumulation of annexin V in the RPE/choroid.

Group 3: Conclusions

The results from Group 3 demonstrate that immunization against certainantigens, for example CD63, is effective at reducing the accumulation ofcertain proteins on Bruch's membrane (annexin V), but not necessarilythe same proteins that were affected by immunization toβ_(S)-crystallin. However, it is possible that CD63 antibody waseffective at reducing the deposition of other proteins, in addition toannexin V, which was not tested. Mice immunized with CD63 had highantibody titers. Nevertheless, the deposition of CD63 was notconsistently altered.

Therefore, these results suggest that immunization against certainintracellular proteins may prevent or decrease the accumulation ofdrusen in human subjects. Furthermore, based on the results from Groups1, 2 and 3, a mixture of intracellular proteins may be useful forimmunotherapy to prevent or decrease the accumulation of drusen in humansubjects.

All publications and patent applications cited in this specification areherein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication orpatent application were specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference.

1. A vaccine composition for treating or preventing drusen in a patientin need thereof, the composition comprising: (a) an effective amount ofat least one polypeptide present in drusen or an immunogenic fragment orvariant of the polypeptide, wherein the amount is effective forstimulating an immune response against the polypeptide after the vaccinecomposition is administered to the patient; and (b) a pharmaceuticalcarrier, excipient, or diluent.
 2. The vaccine composition of claim 1.,further comprising an adjuvant.
 3. The vaccine composition according toclaim 1, wherein the polypeptide is selected from a group consisting ofhistone H1, histone H2A, histone H₂B, histone H2AC, histone H2AZ,histone H2A/O, histone H2A2, histone H₂BF, histone h2bc, histone H3,histone H4, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3, aldehyde dehydrogenase 5, ATPsynthase α-chain of mitochondria, cell adhesion protein SQM1, creatinekinase B, enolase 2, aldolase A, malate dehydrogenase 1, pyruvatedehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, recoverin, lactate dehydrogenase A,protein kinase inhibitor β, glucose phosphate isomerase, cyclophilin A,phosphoglycerate kinase, calmodulin 2, G3PDH, dystrobrevin α,phosphoinositide-3-kinase, triosephosphate isomerase 1, 14-3-3 β,apolipoprotein A1, phospholipase A2, myosin, β_(S)-crystallin,α-B-crystallin, β-A3-crystallin, β-A4-crystallin, β-B1-crystallin,β-B2-crystallin, polyubiquitin, ubiquitin, peroxiredoxin, VEGF, retinoicacid binding protein 3, calrecticulin, calrecticulin precursor, CD63,CD81, LAMP-2, actin β, actinin α, vimentin, plectin 1, actin a2, tubulinα1a, tubulin, α3, tubulin β, and combinations thereof.
 4. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 1, wherein the polypeptide is acrystallin protein.
 5. The vaccine composition according to claim 4,wherein the crystallin protein is selected from the group consisting ofβ_(S)-crystallin, α-B-crystallin, β-A3-crystallin, β-A4-crystallin,β-B1-crystallin, β-B2-crystallin, and combinations thereof.
 6. Thevaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least onepolypeptide is β_(S)-crystallin.
 7. The vaccine composition according toclaim 1, wherein the at least one polypeptide is α-B-crystallin.
 8. Thevaccine composition according to claim 1 wherein the at least onepolypeptide is vimentin.
 9. The vaccine composition according to claim1, wherein the at least one polypeptide is calreticulin precursor. 10.The vaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least onepolypeptide is cyclophilin A.
 11. The vaccine composition according toclaim 1, wherein the immune response is an antibody response.
 12. Thevaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein the vaccinecomposition is effective for preventing the formation of drusen afterthe vaccine composition is administered to the patient.
 13. A method fortreating or preventing drusen in a patient in need thereof, the methodcomprising administering the vaccine composition of claim 1 to thepatient in a manner effective for stimulating an immune response againstthe polypeptide of the vaccine.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thevaccine is administered under a prime-boost vaccination regimen.
 15. Amethod for inhibiting accumulation of drusen proteins extracellularly inthe region of the retinal pigment epithelium and choroid of a patient inneed thereof, the method comprising administering the vaccinecomposition of claim 1 to the patient in a manner effective forstimulating an immune response against the polypeptide of the vaccine.16. The method of claim 15, wherein the vaccine is administered under aprime-boost vaccination regimen.
 17. A method for treating or preventingmacular degeneration in a patient in need thereof, the method comprisingadministering the composition of claim 1 to the patient in a mannereffective for stimulating an immune response against the polypeptide ofthe vaccine.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the vaccine isadministered under a prime-boost vaccination regimen.
 19. The method ofclaim 17, wherein the patient has dry AMD.
 20. The method of claim 17,wherein the patient has wet AMD.